She was the daughter of a bear wrangler. As a child, she was
probably a beggar and in her teens was some kind of entertainer, which in Sixth
Century Constantinople no doubt meant prostitution. In a caste-defying miracle,
she married the heir Justinian and
with him in 527 became the most powerful ruler in the Byzantine empire, which
extended from north Africa to Rome to present-day Turkey.
Most people have heard of Cleopatra, who lived some two
thousand years ago, but few have heard of Theodora, 500 years nearer us in time. Hagia Sophia, the cathedral in
present-day Istanbul whose building Theodora supervised, still stands, a world
heritage landmark. Her political and military influence affected the course of
history.
Mosaics at the Church of San Vitale at Ravenna in northern
Italy completed the year before Theodora’s death show a serious dark-eyed woman
framed by the extravagant gold and gem-encrusted decor which came to
characterize Byzantine art.
Years ago, I read The Female City, a book written about Theodora and the city of
Constantinople, written in the 1950s by one Paul I. Wellman, an American
journalist. I tried for a long time to find another
copy of the book and finally on
eBay last month I found and bought a well-worn edition offered by an Australian
book store.
Theodora was becoming much better known while I was
searching for that book. Unknown to me, Wellman’s book dropped the “City” from
the title and was reissued. No fewer than three books about Theodora were
published in 2013: Theodora of Constantinople by Elizabeth Elson, The Secret History by Stephanie Thornton, and The Bear Keeper’s Daughter by Gillian Bradshaw.
I have these three on my list to read, but frankly, I am not
hopeful.
Historical fiction can be a little like Classic Comics or,
in the case of Dan Brown and Nikos Kazantzakis (“The Last Temptation of
Christ”), sheer fantasy. On the other
hand, it can be so convincing (as
in the case of Mary Renault and Patrick O’Brian) that it seems to make a case
for some kind of extra-sensory perception. Mary Renault’s books set in Crete
were consulted during restorations of the ancient sites. Readers of O’Brian’s
21 Aubrey-Maturin seagoing novels find it almost impossible to believe that
someone with that detailed knowledge of tall-ship sailing never spent any time
at sea.
How Theodora came to reign almost single-handedly over all
Byzantium is a bit of a mystery.
Wellman paints Justinian as an indecisive recluse who in his later days
wore a monk’s habit and spent his time reading the book of Revelations in hopes
of understanding why his empire was beginning to self-destruct. He was happy,
according to The Female City, to let
Theodora make the decisions.
The Female City has
all the names and dates right, but it seems old-fashioned and almost
voyeuristic in its attention to the lives of Constantinople’s working women.
Wellman’s central female characters spend most of their time bathing, dressing
up, and plotting their next conquest. Interestingly, all his other books were set in the American West. Some were
made into cowboy movies.
While it is a wonder that a writer could have researched
this material as meticulously as Wellman did decades before Google and the
Internet, what he clearly intended as praise of the central character often
seems patronizing and trivial: Three cheers for the little lady.
At the end of The Female City, Wellman writes “A man, though he be nothing himself, may be called
great through chance fame, or position, not power. But being a woman is far
more fateful and important, not only to herself, but to the world. A woman is
judged always as a woman, no matter what she does or is, aside from that
all-important fact. So this grave injustice has been done by history: though
Justinian, far her inferior in mind and spirit, has come down to us as ‘The
Great’, the only title given to Theodora is ‘The Notorious’.”
Justinian is indeed known in history books as “The Great”,
but far from being called “The Notorious”, the empress Theodora was canonized
as a Christian saint. She was
buried in 548 in the Church of the
Holy Apostles, one of the edifices built under her direction, and her feast day
is November 15.
